The 1980s China Connection: Could this be our dome? Hǎijiāo Light, Shèngsi
My research into the potential acquisition of New Zealand's lost Fresnel lenses by China during the 1980s aligns with significant historical and industrial trends of that era. As China rapidly modernised its maritime corridors, the demand for high-quality lighthouse optics far outpaced domestic production, making the "surplus" market for British-made Chance Brothers components a highly logical destination.
The 1980s "Grey Market" and Global Acquisition
Conclusion of the Napier Lighthouse and Prison Revitalisation Endeavour Reflecting on a Seven-Year Advocacy
Over the past seven years, I have developed and submitted three distinct proposals to reintroduce a lighthouse to the Ahuriri Bluff. Despite the support and enthusiasm from Maritime New Zealand, each attempt—spanning the Old Napier Prison, the DOC reserve, and the Napier Lookout—has been rejected by Crown agencies, The Bluff Hill Bowling Club, The Napier City Council as well as the Mana Ahuriri Trust. This journey has been both romantic and concerning, revealing a systemic failure in heritage protection as these significant sites gradually degrade. While the process of presenting "out the box thinking" or unconventional proposals in 2024 has invited public scrutiny, plenty of media interest and criticism, my goal was always to rectify the loss of New Zealand's maritime history before it was forgotten.
The Emotional Toll of Heritage Advocacy
Persisting with these proposals has been emotionally taxing, often requiring immense resilience to face repeated rejections and being labelled an "eccentric" for championing an outdated navigational device. The continuous cycle of high hopes followed by bureaucratic dismissal has been draining. However, I am now relieved to reach a conclusion. My hope is that this work serves as a catalyst, motivating Crown Property Management to allocate the necessary funding to Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) so that the prison can be maintained with the dignity it deserves, ensuring my efforts were not in vain.
Navigating Treaty Settlements and Bureaucracy
The evolution of these proposals was hindered by the complex Treaty of Waitangi settlement negotiations between the Crown and Mana Ahuriri Trust. For years, I was unable to intervene or propose the prison site as a location for the replica, as LINZ directed me to negotiate directly with Iwi. The Iwi has now "first right of refusalI" and they can in fact now purchase the property. I firmly believe that transferring a high-maintenance Category 1 Heritage site, especially a colonial prison to an Iwi, would be a burden for the Iwi rather than a fair settlement, especially given the Crown's own struggle to maintain the site themselves.
My personal connection to the Ahuriri Bluff and the Old Napier Prison adds a vital layer of "place attachment" to my research. For 25 years, residing near the historic reserve has informed my perspective on why preserving this unique maritime and penal heritage is critical for Napier.
The Historical Context of Bluff Hill
Heritage NZ response to replica lighthouse proposal
Thank you for your patience while Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT) Central Region staff reviewed your proposal to reconstruct a lighthouse on the Napier Prison (Former) property, a Category 1 Historic Place entered on the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. We appreciate your commitment to the well-being and future of this important heritage place and also engaging in some creative thinking and problem solving. A thorough consideration of the proposal’s impact on heritage utilising best-practice principles in the ICOMOS NZ Charter (attached), which guides the heritage advice of HNZPT—unfortunately—does not allow us to advocate for this proposal.
General
Relevant Central Region staff have reviewed the proposal as outlined on your website: Proposal (napierlighthouse.co.nz). They have provided me a thorough assessment from the standpoint of heritage and best-practice heritage principles. In our view, the proposal to reconstruct a lighthouse on the site of the Napier Prison (Former) site is not appropriate, and is largely inconsistent with recognised best-practice. The ICOMOS NZ Charter discourages the full reconstruction of places:
Given this guidance, and the fact the proposal constitutes a full reconstruction and also not in the original location, HNZPT cannot support the proposal on heritage grounds. Furthermore, a reconstructed lighthouse on the site is, in our view, not essential or necessary for understanding the cultural heritage values of the prison or the wider site. HNZPT would advocate for the appropriate adaptation of the Napier Prison (Former) to enable the place to be recognised, understood, and sustainably used into the future. An adaptive reuse concept would need landowner approval and any removal and/or changes to structures will require a heritage assessment to ensure the values of the place are maintained. Adaptive reuse could potentially include some activities, like the café and gift shop presented in your concept. HNZPT would also welcome the removal of some vegetation around the site, especially trees which may impact the physical integrity of the historic buildings/structures.
Resource consent
If you wish to proceed with an application for resource consent, Napier City Council will require an independent Heritage Impact Assessment prepared by a suitably qualified heritage expert to accompany your application. I have attached a copy of the ICOMOS NZ consultant’s directory should you choose to engage an independent expert.
Archaeology
HNZPT oversees the archaeological provisions of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 and manages the associated archaeological authority process. Given the site is known to be a place of pre-1900 human settlement, any redevelopment of the site would need to consider the need for an archaeological authority. A professional consultant archaeologist can look at the history of the site in more detail and determine the likelihood of encountering archaeology and can confirm whether an authority is required before any works can commence. Activities such as removal of mature trees, and construction of a path up the hill, may also trigger the need for an archaeological authority.
Current property management
HNZPT has also been in correspondence with LINZ regarding the urgent need to repair the prison walls. It is my understanding that they have commissioned engineering and heritage assessments with a view of undertaking necessary repair and strengthening work on the walls. We have also been informed that LINZ have commissioned a Conservation Plan for the site.
In summary
I acknowledge that this response may not be what you were hoping to receive from HNZPT. We do however share your concerns about the present condition of the site and the future ability of the heritage site to be appreciated and understood. We will continue to advocate for protection and upkeep of the site, and for an appropriate use of the former prison in the future.
The Napier City Council response to replica lighthouse proposal
The prison restoration and installation of a replica lighthouse is an exciting proposal which could benefit Napier. There are however a number of considerations with the first and foremost being who owns the property.
Napier Operative District Plan (ODP)
From a planning / resource consent perspective the site is zoned Napier Hill Character under the operative District Plan (ODP) and is identified as containing Archaeological Sites “Napier Prison” and Heritage Items “Lower Prison Wall”. The ODP does not address archaeology and instead relies upon Heritage New Zealand and therefore it is recommended that you speak with them before progressing any further. The Lower Prison Wall is identified as a Group 2 item, there is also a Napier Prison Wall which is identified as a Group 1 Item. The ODP states “Group 1 Identifies individual buildings and streetscapes which are of prime importance to the heritage of the City and must be protected and Group 2 Identifies buildings that individually are of primary importance to the heritage of the City and the protection of which is seen as reasonably able to be achieved.” Repair and maintenance of a heritage item is a Permitted Activity in accordance with Rule 56.8. External safety alteration to any Group 2 heritage item necessary for the primary purpose of improving structural performance, fire safety or physical access is a Controlled Activity. Internal and/or external alterations (excluding safety alterations), relocation and/or demolition of a Group 1 heritage item is a Discretionary Activity.
When considering an application under the ODP Council would generally look at the following matters:
Whether the form, mass, proportion and materials of the alteration or addition will be compatible with the prevailing architectural style of the existing heritage item.
Whether any existing traditional fences or walls at the road frontage can be reasonably preserved and/or reinstated subsequent to the alteration or addition.
Whether the adverse effects of the alteration or addition on the character of the heritage item and surrounding environment can be avoided, remedied or mitigated.
Whether any cumulative adverse effects on the heritage item and any other heritage items in the surrounding environment can be avoided, remedied or mitigated.
Alteration, Addition, Relocation and/or Demolition of a Group 1 Heritage Item; Demolition of a Group 2 Heritage Item
Whether the proposal follows appropriate conservation method. The conservation method should:
Whether the proposal respects existing evidence of the heritage item and to what extent.
Whether the proposal conserves the historical setting of the place and to what degree.
Whether the proposal will assist in risk mitigation, that is, in the prevention of potential risk from any natural process or event.
Whether the contents of a place that contribute to its cultural heritage value are conserved.
Whether works of art and special fabric will be retained.
Whether invasive investigation can be justified.
Whether non-intervention is a desirable alternative.
Napier City Proposed District Plan (PDP)
The site is zoned General Residential and is subject to an Amenity Precinct: Napier Hill – Mataruahou and is identified as containing Lower Prison Wall Cat B, Napier Prison Wall Cat A and Old Napier Prison Cat A and two Archaeology Sites. It is worth noting that the entire prison complex is protected and resource consent and permission from Heritage New Zealand would be required.
HH-R1: Maintenance and repair to the interior and/or exterior of a Group A or Group B heritage item; internal alterations, and/or internal safety alterations to a Group B heritage item is Permitted subject to any materials removed to carry out the repairs must be limited to the amount necessary to carry out the works and there must be no damage to the heritage item when undertaking the repairs and maintenance, and protective material must be used where necessary to prevent damage.
HH-R6 Internal or external alterations (excluding safety alterations) to a Group A heritage item is a Discretionary Activity.
Other
It is recommended that you engage the services of a Heritage Specialist and liaise with Heritage New Zealand who hold further information about the feature. Should you choose to proceed with a resource consent application it is recommended that you engage the services of an experienced local planner as Council will need to careful assess the potential effects of any additions and alterations. A lighting specialist may also need to be engaged to assess the effects of light spill on the adjacent and wider environment. The height of the lighthouse would also be a key consideration. Earthworks consent maybe required for the earthworks associated with the path. Should you require any further information regarding your proposal, please do not hesitate to contact me.
My research into the potential acquisition of New Zealand's lost Fresnel lenses by China during the 1980s aligns with significant historical and industrial trends of that era. As China rapidly modernised its maritime corridors, the demand for high-quality lighthouse optics far outpaced domestic production, making the "surplus" market for British-made Chance Brothers components a highly logical destination.
The 1980s "Grey Market" and Global Acquisition
- A Pivot to Salvage: By the time China began its infrastructure surge in the 1980s, Chance Brothers had already shuttered its Smethwick factory (1981) and ceased large-scale production of Victorian-style lanterns. Consequently, any high-order installations from this period would have relied on salvaged or "grey market" components rather than new manufacture.
- The Wellington Connection: The Maritime New Zealand storage facility at Pipitea Point in Wellington was the primary repository for decommissioned optics. If record-keeping was lax during the transition to modern navigation, it is historically plausible that lenses like the Napier 4th Order, the Somes Island, the Hokitika lenses and many others I suspect, could have been diverted into private or international sales.
- Australian Auction Link: During this period, Australian auctions frequently sold decommissioned lighthouse hardware. Chinese maritime agencies were known to participate in these markets to secure cost-effective, world-class Chance Brothers technology for their expanding coastline.
- The "Dome" Anomaly
Conclusion of the Napier Lighthouse and Prison Revitalisation Endeavour Reflecting on a Seven-Year Advocacy
Over the past seven years, I have developed and submitted three distinct proposals to reintroduce a lighthouse to the Ahuriri Bluff. Despite the support and enthusiasm from Maritime New Zealand, each attempt—spanning the Old Napier Prison, the DOC reserve, and the Napier Lookout—has been rejected by Crown agencies, The Bluff Hill Bowling Club, The Napier City Council as well as the Mana Ahuriri Trust. This journey has been both romantic and concerning, revealing a systemic failure in heritage protection as these significant sites gradually degrade. While the process of presenting "out the box thinking" or unconventional proposals in 2024 has invited public scrutiny, plenty of media interest and criticism, my goal was always to rectify the loss of New Zealand's maritime history before it was forgotten.
The Emotional Toll of Heritage Advocacy
Persisting with these proposals has been emotionally taxing, often requiring immense resilience to face repeated rejections and being labelled an "eccentric" for championing an outdated navigational device. The continuous cycle of high hopes followed by bureaucratic dismissal has been draining. However, I am now relieved to reach a conclusion. My hope is that this work serves as a catalyst, motivating Crown Property Management to allocate the necessary funding to Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) so that the prison can be maintained with the dignity it deserves, ensuring my efforts were not in vain.
Navigating Treaty Settlements and Bureaucracy
The evolution of these proposals was hindered by the complex Treaty of Waitangi settlement negotiations between the Crown and Mana Ahuriri Trust. For years, I was unable to intervene or propose the prison site as a location for the replica, as LINZ directed me to negotiate directly with Iwi. The Iwi has now "first right of refusalI" and they can in fact now purchase the property. I firmly believe that transferring a high-maintenance Category 1 Heritage site, especially a colonial prison to an Iwi, would be a burden for the Iwi rather than a fair settlement, especially given the Crown's own struggle to maintain the site themselves.
My personal connection to the Ahuriri Bluff and the Old Napier Prison adds a vital layer of "place attachment" to my research. For 25 years, residing near the historic reserve has informed my perspective on why preserving this unique maritime and penal heritage is critical for Napier.
The Historical Context of Bluff Hill
- The Lighthouse Road Legacy: The naming of Lighthouse Road originated from the 1920s plan to relocate the Napier Lighthouse to the Bluff Hill reserve. This move was prompted by ships struggling to distinguish the original prison-based light from the expanding city’s glow.
- The 1931 Turning Point: Construction on the new Bluff Hill lighthouse was permanently halted following the 1931 earthquake, which left the Ahuriri Bluff land unstable.
- Current Land Status: The original Lighthouse Reserve is now leased by the Bluff Hill Bowling Club from the Department of Conservation (DOC). It sits within the Napier Hill Character Zone,
which mandates strict heritage and amenity protections for any new structures. - The Vision for Restoration
- The Proposal: I advocated for a replica lighthouse to serve as a landmark and economic engine, similar to the Manukau Heads Lighthouse.
- The Barrier: While Heritage New Zealand appreciated my commitment, they currently do not support full reconstruction at the prison site, citing international heritage charters (ICOMOS NZ) that discourage such rebuilds unless essential.
- Public Safety: I have identified that the 120-year-old pine trees on the hill pose a danger to the historic prison walls and public safety on Marine Parade, emphasising that immediate removal is a priority regardless of the lighthouse outcome
- Final Determination
Heritage NZ response to replica lighthouse proposal
Thank you for your patience while Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT) Central Region staff reviewed your proposal to reconstruct a lighthouse on the Napier Prison (Former) property, a Category 1 Historic Place entered on the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. We appreciate your commitment to the well-being and future of this important heritage place and also engaging in some creative thinking and problem solving. A thorough consideration of the proposal’s impact on heritage utilising best-practice principles in the ICOMOS NZ Charter (attached), which guides the heritage advice of HNZPT—unfortunately—does not allow us to advocate for this proposal.
General
Relevant Central Region staff have reviewed the proposal as outlined on your website: Proposal (napierlighthouse.co.nz). They have provided me a thorough assessment from the standpoint of heritage and best-practice heritage principles. In our view, the proposal to reconstruct a lighthouse on the site of the Napier Prison (Former) site is not appropriate, and is largely inconsistent with recognised best-practice. The ICOMOS NZ Charter discourages the full reconstruction of places:
Given this guidance, and the fact the proposal constitutes a full reconstruction and also not in the original location, HNZPT cannot support the proposal on heritage grounds. Furthermore, a reconstructed lighthouse on the site is, in our view, not essential or necessary for understanding the cultural heritage values of the prison or the wider site. HNZPT would advocate for the appropriate adaptation of the Napier Prison (Former) to enable the place to be recognised, understood, and sustainably used into the future. An adaptive reuse concept would need landowner approval and any removal and/or changes to structures will require a heritage assessment to ensure the values of the place are maintained. Adaptive reuse could potentially include some activities, like the café and gift shop presented in your concept. HNZPT would also welcome the removal of some vegetation around the site, especially trees which may impact the physical integrity of the historic buildings/structures.
Resource consent
If you wish to proceed with an application for resource consent, Napier City Council will require an independent Heritage Impact Assessment prepared by a suitably qualified heritage expert to accompany your application. I have attached a copy of the ICOMOS NZ consultant’s directory should you choose to engage an independent expert.
Archaeology
HNZPT oversees the archaeological provisions of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 and manages the associated archaeological authority process. Given the site is known to be a place of pre-1900 human settlement, any redevelopment of the site would need to consider the need for an archaeological authority. A professional consultant archaeologist can look at the history of the site in more detail and determine the likelihood of encountering archaeology and can confirm whether an authority is required before any works can commence. Activities such as removal of mature trees, and construction of a path up the hill, may also trigger the need for an archaeological authority.
Current property management
HNZPT has also been in correspondence with LINZ regarding the urgent need to repair the prison walls. It is my understanding that they have commissioned engineering and heritage assessments with a view of undertaking necessary repair and strengthening work on the walls. We have also been informed that LINZ have commissioned a Conservation Plan for the site.
In summary
I acknowledge that this response may not be what you were hoping to receive from HNZPT. We do however share your concerns about the present condition of the site and the future ability of the heritage site to be appreciated and understood. We will continue to advocate for protection and upkeep of the site, and for an appropriate use of the former prison in the future.
The Napier City Council response to replica lighthouse proposal
The prison restoration and installation of a replica lighthouse is an exciting proposal which could benefit Napier. There are however a number of considerations with the first and foremost being who owns the property.
Napier Operative District Plan (ODP)
From a planning / resource consent perspective the site is zoned Napier Hill Character under the operative District Plan (ODP) and is identified as containing Archaeological Sites “Napier Prison” and Heritage Items “Lower Prison Wall”. The ODP does not address archaeology and instead relies upon Heritage New Zealand and therefore it is recommended that you speak with them before progressing any further. The Lower Prison Wall is identified as a Group 2 item, there is also a Napier Prison Wall which is identified as a Group 1 Item. The ODP states “Group 1 Identifies individual buildings and streetscapes which are of prime importance to the heritage of the City and must be protected and Group 2 Identifies buildings that individually are of primary importance to the heritage of the City and the protection of which is seen as reasonably able to be achieved.” Repair and maintenance of a heritage item is a Permitted Activity in accordance with Rule 56.8. External safety alteration to any Group 2 heritage item necessary for the primary purpose of improving structural performance, fire safety or physical access is a Controlled Activity. Internal and/or external alterations (excluding safety alterations), relocation and/or demolition of a Group 1 heritage item is a Discretionary Activity.
When considering an application under the ODP Council would generally look at the following matters:
Whether the form, mass, proportion and materials of the alteration or addition will be compatible with the prevailing architectural style of the existing heritage item.
Whether any existing traditional fences or walls at the road frontage can be reasonably preserved and/or reinstated subsequent to the alteration or addition.
Whether the adverse effects of the alteration or addition on the character of the heritage item and surrounding environment can be avoided, remedied or mitigated.
Whether any cumulative adverse effects on the heritage item and any other heritage items in the surrounding environment can be avoided, remedied or mitigated.
Alteration, Addition, Relocation and/or Demolition of a Group 1 Heritage Item; Demolition of a Group 2 Heritage Item
Whether the proposal follows appropriate conservation method. The conservation method should:
Whether the proposal respects existing evidence of the heritage item and to what extent.
Whether the proposal conserves the historical setting of the place and to what degree.
Whether the proposal will assist in risk mitigation, that is, in the prevention of potential risk from any natural process or event.
Whether the contents of a place that contribute to its cultural heritage value are conserved.
Whether works of art and special fabric will be retained.
Whether invasive investigation can be justified.
Whether non-intervention is a desirable alternative.
Napier City Proposed District Plan (PDP)
The site is zoned General Residential and is subject to an Amenity Precinct: Napier Hill – Mataruahou and is identified as containing Lower Prison Wall Cat B, Napier Prison Wall Cat A and Old Napier Prison Cat A and two Archaeology Sites. It is worth noting that the entire prison complex is protected and resource consent and permission from Heritage New Zealand would be required.
HH-R1: Maintenance and repair to the interior and/or exterior of a Group A or Group B heritage item; internal alterations, and/or internal safety alterations to a Group B heritage item is Permitted subject to any materials removed to carry out the repairs must be limited to the amount necessary to carry out the works and there must be no damage to the heritage item when undertaking the repairs and maintenance, and protective material must be used where necessary to prevent damage.
HH-R6 Internal or external alterations (excluding safety alterations) to a Group A heritage item is a Discretionary Activity.
Other
It is recommended that you engage the services of a Heritage Specialist and liaise with Heritage New Zealand who hold further information about the feature. Should you choose to proceed with a resource consent application it is recommended that you engage the services of an experienced local planner as Council will need to careful assess the potential effects of any additions and alterations. A lighting specialist may also need to be engaged to assess the effects of light spill on the adjacent and wider environment. The height of the lighthouse would also be a key consideration. Earthworks consent maybe required for the earthworks associated with the path. Should you require any further information regarding your proposal, please do not hesitate to contact me.